Morgan's Syndrome - Idic 15 Syndrome or Dup 15q Syndrome

I haven't really talked about the details of Morgan's diagnoses. I've gone a little into what we've had to contend with, the seizures, the VSD, vision issues and developmental delays. But I haven't really given the run-down of what it is.

First of all, the syndrome she has is rare. Estimated 1 in 30,000 people are born with it.

Morgan has Dup 15q Syndrome meaning she has a partial duplicate of chromosome 15.

There are two main types of chromosome 15 duplications. Interstitial and Isodicentric. Morgan has Isodicentric or Idic 15 Syndrome.

Confusing, I know. It has been easier to just say that she has Idic 15 Syndrome because that is what her medical diagnoses says and all her corresponding medical records, even though it is also referred as Dup 15q Syndrome.

So, brace yourself. Here is the scary truth of what Morgan has...

Isodicentric 15 Syndrome

All information was obtained from the Dup15q Alliance. For more information please visit http://www.dup15q.org/clinical-information/clinical-features/

Isodicentric chromosome 15, abbreviated idic(15), is diagnosed in individuals who have 47
chromosomes (or sometimes more) instead of the typical 46 chromosomes. The extra chromosome is made up of a portion of chromosome 15 that has been duplicated and "inverted," so that there are two copies of part of chromosome 15q attached to one another that appear to be mirror images.

Because of this arrangement, idic(15) used to be referred to as "inverted duplication chromosome 15." Most commonly, the region called 15q11-q13 is the portion of chromosome 15 duplicated.

Hypotonia (Poor Muscle Tone). Babies with Idic 15/dup15q usually have hypotonia. Motor milestones such as rolling over, sitting up, and walking are significantly delayed. Older children and adults with hypotonia often tire easily. 

Physical Features. Many children with dup15q share similar facial characteristics. These include a flat nasal bridge which gives them a "button" nose. There may be skin folds, called "epicanthi", at the inner corners of the eyes, and the eyes may be deep set. Ears may be low-set and/or posteriorly rotated.

Growth. Somatic growth is decreased in about 20–30% of individuals with dup15q, but head growth is typically in the normal range.

Gross Motor Delays. Gross motor delays are very common, probably partly in relationship to hypotonia. In one article, sitting was reportedly achieved between 10 and 20 months of age, and walking between 2 and 3 years. A current study of children with dup15q found that kids with isodicentric duplications achieved independent walking at an average of 25.5 months (range 13-54 months), with 3 children (out of 47) who were not ambulatory at the time of testing. The vast majority of people with dup15q are able to walk independently although some degree of ataxia (coordination problems) may be apparent.

Fine Motor Delays. Fine motor delays are widespread among children with Idic 15/dup15q syndrome. Nonfunctional use of objects with an immature type of exploration has been reported in the scientific literature.

Cognitive Delays. Most individuals with Idic 15/dup15q syndrome show some degree of cognitive delay and learning disabilities, including intellectual disability at the more involved end of the spectrum.

Speech/Language Delays. Most children with dup15q are affected by speech/language delays. Expressive language may be absent or may remain very poor, and is often echolalic with immediate and delayed echolalia and pronoun reversal. In her study of dup15q, Dr. Carolyn Schanen found 26 of 47 children had some language at the time of their participation in the research study, with the first word achieved at an average of 28.7 months (range 7-84 months) and phrase speech beginning by an average of 44.1m (range 9-114 months). While the majority of children with dup15q experience speech delays, a small subset of children are highly verbal.

Behavior Challenges. Many children with dup15q have difficulties of behavior and social communication, with a lack of response to social cues frequently observed. In older individuals, there is some suggestion of improving social awareness with age.

Vision Issues. Some children have cortical visual impairment. This seems to improve with age and therapy.

MEDICAL ISSUES IN IDIC 15 or 15Q DUPLICATION SYNDROME

SEIZURE DISORDERS. Seizures represent an important medical feature of dup15q syndrome. Over half of all people with idic(15) will have at least one seizure. The majority of those will experience their first seizure before age 5, but seizure onset may occur as late as young adulthood. There are many different types of seizures experienced by individuals with dup15q. Children can start with one seizure type and other seizure types may emerge as the child ages. The prevalence of infantile spasms among a surveyed group of families was unusually high and suggests that idic(15) could account for a significant percentage of infants experiencing those episodes. Infantile spasms associated with an hypsarrhythmic (disorganized) EEG have been reported in the scientific literature. Typical Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut-like syndrome was observed in the four patients with idic(15) reported by Battaglia et al. These had tonic/atonic (head drops or drop attacks), tonic-clonic seizures and atypical absences with onset between 4 and 8 years of age. Complex partial and myoclonic seizures have been observed in a number of other affected individuals.  Response to treatment is variable. For some children their first presenting seizures are easily controlled with medication. However, there  are many reports in the scientific literature and from parents of seizures that are difficult to control, despite adequate antiepileptic treatment. Difficult to control seizures associated with some degree of deterioration have also been reported.

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS. Multiple research reports document the risk of autism spectrum disorders in individuals with dup15q, although not all children with duplications develop autism. Two studies that included a total of 226 patients with autism found dup15q in approximately 3-5% of the patients. Chromosome 15q11-13 duplications are the most frequently identified chromosome problem in individuals with autism.

SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDERS. Parent report suggests that sensory processing disorders are widespread in dup15q syndrome. These sensory processing disorders disrupt the affected child’s ability to achieve and maintain an optimal range of arousal and to adapt to challenges in daily life. These disorders are often manifested by an over-responsiveness or under-responsiveness to sensory input (sound, touch, taste, etc) or fluctuations in response to sensory input.

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERS. Attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity has been reported in a number of cases of children with dup15q syndrome.

ANXIETY DISORDERS. Parent report of anxiety disorders in children with dup15q syndrome has been noted among Dup15q Alliance families. More research in this area is needed.

INCREASED RISK FOR SUDDEN DEATH. There is an increased risk of sudden, unexpected and currently unexplained death among children and young adults ages 7 and older with chromosome 15q11.2-13.1 duplication syndrome. The risk is small, estimated at 0.5-1% per person per year. Physicians should be alert for potentially relevant symptoms and follow up their patients according to their best clinical judgment. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates should only be used if alternatives are not available, given a possible association with sudden death in this chromosomal disorder. For more information, see the Physician Advisory Sudden Death in Chromosome 15q Duplication Syndrome at www.dup15q.org.

OTHER MEDICAL PROBLEMS. Other reported medical problems include recurrent respiratory infections in childhood, middle ear effusions requiring tubes, eczema, and other problems.

Overall, it's a lot of information and a lot for a parent to take in. I have to re-read all of this occasionally as I can never remember all of it.

She is a handful, our little Morgan. But despite her syndrome and all that it entails, she is the most amazing little girl. She has a strong spirit and the depths of her beauty and mystery are endless. I can only hope that we are strong enough to continuously take care of and provide for this extraordinary human being.